THE SIXTH COVENANTS INITIATIVE REPORT

THE SIXTH COVENANTS INITIATIVE REPORT

Dear Signatories of the Covenants Initiative,

Asaalamu alaikum.

Dr. Morrow’s mission to Abu Dhabi was a resounding success; most of this report will be made up of news about the trip and its aftermath. But there are a number of other events of note that I would like to mention first:

1} In December of 2014, three copies of The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World were sent to Fr. Jonah Paffhausen, Metropolitan Emeritus of the Orthodox Church in America, who promised to share them with his contacts in Russia, notably Kyrill, Patriarch of Moscow.

2} In January of this year Gary Krupp of Pave the Way extended an invitation for Dr. Morrow and myself to meet with a “civilian think-tank” at the Pentagon, apparently to give our input for the Anti-Terror Summit that took place in February. Independently, yet in unison, we let this opportunity slide, not wishing to become too identified with U.S. military efforts. Nonetheless Gary was able to provide us with contacts with the officer in charge of all U.S. military chaplaincies, Commander Brian Weigelt, as well as with a Muslim chaplain in the U.S. army, Khalid Shabazz. Both were sent copies of Six Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of His Time [see 4} below], which we presented as a tool to help prevent the spread of Islamic extremist ideology in the military; both Cmdr. Weigelt and Chaplain Shabazz expressed their admiration for the book.

3} In February, The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World was delivered to the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem by Gary Krupp.

4} Also in February the abridged version of Dr. Morrow’s book with just the text of the covenants and a short introduction, entitled Six Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of His Time, was published by Angelico/Sophia Perennis (under the Covenants Press imprint). It comes to 76 pages and sells for $8.95 U.S. Every mosque in the English-speaking world should have it. (It’s available through http://www.amazon.com and http://www.amazon.co.uk ). We hope you will propose to any mosque or Islamic group that you may be familiar or connected with that they should purchase at least one copy (they may query me for information on bulk discounts). It has already been translated into English, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese, and we just received an offer to translate the book into Russian.

5} We were recently contacted by a representative of the Baha’is, who would like to provide a copy of Six Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of His Time to all high-ranking dignitaries of the Baha’i religion.

6} On March 19, on the advice of Gary Krupp, I sent the following letter to Cardinal Tauran, the main “interfaith” cardinal at the Vatican:

Your Eminence:

Greetings of peace. I represent the Covenants Initiative, a growing global movement of Muslims to defend persecuted Christians; we are basically a non-aligned organization, beholden to neither Iran nor Saudi Arabia nor to any other Muslim organization, movement or national state. Our initiative is based on a book by Dr. John Andrew Morrow, The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World, which I believe you have seen; we have communicated with you in the past through Shaykh Yahya Pallavicini and (I believe) Gary Krupp of Pave the Way. Dr. Morrow has pioneered the re-discovery and authentication of these documents, which uniformly command Muslims not to attack peaceful Christians, damage their buildings, or even prevent their Christian wives from attending church, but rather to defend them “until the coming of the Hour”. Gary Krupp suggested that I write to you on behalf of the Muslims of North America to explore the possibility of a meeting between us and Pope Francis when he visits the United States. Dr. Faroque Khan of the Islamic Center of Long Island is confident that a delegation of major Muslim leaders from North America—he is in touch with most of them, including the leaders of the Islamic Society of North America—would be willing to publicly endorse the Covenants of the Prophet at a meeting with Pope Francis this September; I am also reasonably confident that they would be willing to alter their schedules to conform with that of His Holiness. Dr. Khan is equally sure they would gladly support the Pope’s call for “a global mobilization of conscience to defend persecuted Christians”. A highly-publicized meeting like this would make the covenants of our Prophet with the Christians of the world known the world over, and further His Holiness’ “mobilization of conscience” like nothing else I can imagine.

There are three entities who would potentially be involved in any negotiations to set up a meeting between the Pope and North American Muslims: the Vatican, North American Muslim leaders, and the Covenants Initiative; we need to be as clear as possible on what each would stand to gain from such a meeting. The Vatican could take it as an opportunity to put out a credible and persuasive global call to all Muslims of good will to defend persecuted Christians in the Mid-East and elsewhere. The Muslim leaders of North America could certainly use it to enhance the image of Islam in the west. And the Covenants Initiative could significantly increase the sales of Dr. Morrow’s books on the covenants, with the ultimate goal of returning Islam to its traditional practice, based on the actual written (or possibly dictated) words of the Prophet Muhammad, of treating peaceful religious minorities within its dominions with justice and respect. Muhammad’s gracious attitude toward for the Peoples of the Book, as expressed in the covenants, also provides clear guidance as to how Muslims should relate to the other Abrahamic faiths in any context, not just in their role as religious minorities within Dar al-Islam. It is Dr. Morrow’s contention that the covenants of the Prophet Muhammad constitute a de facto Universal Declaration of Human Rights, one that has the potential of being enthusiastically embraced by the Muslim intelligentsia—and the masses as well—because it is not based on secular western models but arises directly from the Islamic revelation itself. If it again becomes the law of man, it will be because it was first the Law of God.

However, the question of the basic intentions of the three groups who would be involved in these negotiations also needs to be addressed. At this point we are more certain of our own intentions, and those of the Roman Catholic Church, than we are of the intentions of every North American Muslim leader. Some are entirely sincere; they have abundantly proved this to us. But there are others of whom we are less certain. One thing that all of us should do our best to avoid is for a meeting between the Pope and Muslim leaders to become nothing more than a public relations event. At this point there is hardly a prominent western Muslim who does not “renounce terrorism”. Many of them are in earnest, but for some, such declarations are merely a smoke-screen. The Holy Father has every right to challenge Muslim leaders to back up their conciliatory words with concrete actions in defense of Christians. The Covenants Initiative also wishes to challenge these leaders, partly by appealing to the Muslim masses directly, not only through their established representatives, doing so on the basis of Dr. Morrow’s quite dramatic re-discovery of the Covenants of the Prophet. We do not wish to embarrass the Muslim leaders of North America, but rather challenge and inspire them, since we hope to work side-by-side with them if at all possible. But words must be backed up with deeds. Therefore we ask you: what concrete actions can Muslims take to demonstrate to His Holiness that our intent to defend persecuted Christians, as our Prophet has commanded us, is sincere, that it is not simply one more public relations ploy? We hope you will seriously consider this question, and get back to us….

In our opinion, a clear and public response by Pope Francis to the continued and expanding efforts of the Covenants Initiative and its allies, in the form of a meeting with North American Muslim leaders, has the potential of being of real and substantive help to the martyred Christians of Iraq and Syria. We feel that it is a rare opportunity that should not be missed.

Attached find a copy of a letter to us from Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganó, Apostolic Nuncio to the United States, to whom we have also sent a copy of the present letter.

7} Dr. Morrow is challenging Muslim leaders to formally adopt the Covenants of the Prophet as law. In line with this challenge I recently contacted Amnesty International to see if anyone could let me know what resources they might have in the Middle East to track whether a given Islamic government that claims to be implementing by the Covenants is in fact abiding by them. (Research in that direction continues.)

8} At some time in the near future I will be meeting with the new Catholic Bishop of Lexington, John Stowe, to discuss the Covenants Initiative and the possibility of a joint Christian/Muslim demonstration against ISIS – one which would also call for a thorough investigation into their origin and their sources of arms and funding.

9} We are now officially a non-profit corporation in the U.S.: THE COVENANTS OF THE PROPHET FOUNDATION.

REPORT ON DR. MORROW’S TRIP TO ABU DHABI

Tabah Foundation Tour

Dr. John Andrew Morrow was in Abu Dhabi from March 7th, 2015 to March 14th, on invitation of the Tabah Foundation and Shaykh Habib ‘Ali al-Jifri. He gave closed-door, invitation-only, presentations about the Covenants of the Prophet to Western diplomats, Arab academics and intellectuals, Muslim diplomats, and high-ranking Muslim religious scholars. He had private meetings with diplomats and counter-terrorism experts. Along with Habib ‘Ali, he met with Shaykh Nahyan, the Crown Prince of the UAE, and gave him a copy of a prophetic covenant.  Morrow gave a public lecture to a crowd of two hundred. He was interviewed twice by al-Arabiya and once by Sky News. He was also interviewed by several journalists who subsequently published articles on the public lecture. Before departing to the US, Dr. Morrow granted a framed Covenant of the Prophet to Shaykh Habib ‘Ali al-Jifri.

Endorsement by Shaykh Habib ‘Ali al-Jifri

Shaykh Habib ‘Ali al-Jifri, one of the most influential scholars of Islam in the world, publicly endorsed the Covenants of the Prophet on numerous occasions and provided strong arguments to support their authenticity. This is the single most important expression of support we have received from Muslim scholars to date. The significance of Habib ‘Ali’s blessing is beyond measure. Significantly, al-Habib ‘Ali has become a spokesman for the Covenants of the Prophet. In fact, he will be speaking about the Muhammad Covenants in Manchester on April 1st.

Endorsements by Other Scholars of Islam

Some of the highest ranking scholars from Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Tasawwuf were presented with the Covenants of the Prophet. The content of the Covenants of the Prophet was not a subject of dispute. Some concerns were raised concerning modes of authentication. Many of them readily endorsed them in no uncertain terms.

Endorsements by Muslim Intellectuals and Professors

Muslim academics, intellectuals, and professors were given a presentation on the Covenants of the Prophet. Although some shared concerns of an academic nature, the majority of them were convinced that the content was sound and the documents were historically sound.

Endorsements by Muslim Diplomats

Muslim diplomats from Jordan, Guinea-Bissau, Yemen, Lebanon, and Afghanistan were introduced to the rights and freedoms granted by the Covenants of the Prophet. Not only was their response favorable, it was enthusiastic. They viewed the Covenants of the Prophet as veritable models of human rights rooted in the Islamic tradition with modern-day applications.

Endorsements by Western Diplomats

Diplomats from the United States, Canada, and the European Union were presented the Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad as a Charter of Rights and Freedoms or a Bill of Rights provided by the Prophet over 1400 years ago. As the Canadian representative stated, “This is fantastic stuff.” In private meetings, the Canadian Ambassador, Arif Lalani, expressed how ecstatic he was about Dr. Morrow’s presentation on the Covenants of the Prophet. In a subsequent meeting, Canadian diplomats hoped that the Covenants of the Prophet could help bring together, not only Muslims and Christians, but also Muslims and Muslims, namely, Sunnis and Shi‘ites.

Media Attention

Dr. Morrow appeared in four English-language newspaper articles in the UAE; one immediately preceding his arrival; and the three other ones after he delivered his public lecture. He was interviewed by al-‘Arabiyyah on Tuesday, March 10th, immediately after his public lecture; on Wednesday, March 11th, by Sky TV, and, finally, on Friday, March 13th, by al-‘Arabiyyah in their studio in Dubai. Several offers for interviews were received both during and immediately after Dr. Morrow’s trip to Abu Dhabi; including one from Abu Dhabi and another from the UK. These interviews should be forthcoming.

Web Traffic

Despite the fact that Dr. Morrow did not plug any of our websites, http://www.johnandrewmorrow.com received 325 visitors during course of visit while http://www.covenantsoftheprophet.com received 404 for a total of 729 unique visits in one week. An increase of activity, likes, and comments were also noted on our various Facebook pages, including John Andrew Morrow, Dr. John Andrew Morrow / Imam Ilyas Islam, and Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad. Significant spikes have been seen as newspapers articles about Morrow’s Tabah Foundation tour have appeared in the media.

Critical Studies on the Covenants of the Prophet

Shaykh Habib ‘Ali al-Jifri has offered to contribute an article to Critical Studies on the Covenants of the Prophet, the follow-up volume to The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World. Invitations to participate were extended to leading scholars of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Tasawwuf along with academics from around the Muslim world.

Publication Offers

Both the Tabah Foundation, along with two publishers from the UAE, offered to help publish the Arabic version of The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World as well as Six Covenants of the Prophet with the Christians of His Time.

Translation Offers

The Tabah Foundation expresses interest in having the book and the booklet translated and published in Urdu considering the importance of this language in the Indian subcontinent and throughout many parts of the world. A professional translator from Brazil also contacted Dr. Morrow during the course of his tour to offer to translate The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World into Portuguese, at no cost, for the benefit of Portuguese speaking Muslims and Christians in Latin America and Europe.

Event Invitations

The Islamic Center of Long Island and the al-Khoei Center in New York, have invited Dr. Morrow and Charles Upton to speak about the Covenants of the Prophet. Zachary Markwith and Ustadh ‘Ali Ataei are also working on inviting Dr. Morrow to lecture about the Covenants of the Prophet at Zaytuna and GTU. A panel at the next ISNA Convention in the USA also appears to be a distinct possibility. The Tabah Foundation also stresses that this was only the first appearance of Dr. Morrow in the UAE and that there would be many more in the future.

Research Plans

Shaykh Habib ‘Ali al-Jifri proposed to Dr. Morrow that they travel together to the Monastery of St. Catherine at Mount Sinai together and that they conduct research together at the Topkapi Museum in Istanbul, Turkey. The Tabah Foundation also committed to assist Dr. Morrow in acquiring other Covenants of the Prophet.

ARTICLES ABOUT DR. MORROW’S TRIP TO ABU DHABI AND RELATED DEVELOPMENTS

A PROFESSOR ON A PEACE MISSION

Canadian researcher Dr. John Andrew Morrow recently returned from a week-long mission to the Middle East to promote his critically acclaimed book on The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World.

His trip was in response to an invitation by Shaykh Habib ‘Ali al-Jifri of the Tabah Foundation, a non-profit organization that offers suggestions and recommendations to opinion makers to help them assume a wiser and more socially-beneficial approach. Its purpose was to familiarize diplomats, politicians, policy-makers, and religious scholars with the Covenants of the Prophet and to present them as a pluralistic model of co-existence, tolerance, and compassion, one based not on western models but on fundamental Islamic principles.

While known to Muslim scholars from the dawn of Islam to the present, and respected by most Islamic rulers for nearly 1400 years, the Covenants of the Prophet have been generally forgotten, neglected, and ignored since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

While in Abu Dhabi, Morrow presented the Covenants of the Prophet to Western diplomats from Canada, the United States, Austria, and the European Union; to Eastern diplomats from Guinea-Bissau, Lebanon, Afghanistan, Tunisia, and Yemen; to Arab intellectuals working in the United Arab Emirates; as well as to high-ranking Muslim scholars from the region and around the world.

Besides these closed sessions, Morrow–who happens to be both a full professor and a senior scholar of Islam–delivered a public lecture at the Intercontinental Hotel in Abu Dhabi to a crowd of two-hundred people. Titled “Tolerance and Coexistence in the 21st Century,” the event was under the patronage of His Highness Sheikh Nahyan ibn Mubarak Nahyan, the Minister of Youth, Culture, and Community Development, and was concluded by two powerful speeches by Shaykh Habib ‘Ali al-Jifri along with Mufti Ahmed al-Kobaisi.

With the rise of radical fringe groups like the pseudo-Islamic State, many critics have pointed to Islam as the source of the problem and have called for an Islamic Reformation. As Morrow expressed in his lecture, “To say that Islam needs to be reformed is to say that Islam is deformed.” The fact that some extremists violate the teachings of Islam, he explained, does not change the essence of Islam. For him, “The source is not the problem. The source is the solution. As such, we must return to Islam and revive Islam.”

Besides three television interviews on al-‘Arabiyyah and Sky News, and coverage in several newspapers, Dr. John Andrew Morrow was also invited to meet with the Crown Prince at his palace. “Your book,” stated Sheikh Nahyan, “deserves to be in every school and library in the West.” Clearly, the Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World has moved from being a mere book to become a major Muslim movement.

SENIOR MUSLIM SCHOLARS EXPRESS SUPPORT FOR THE COVENANTS OF THE PROPHET

On Thursday, March 12th, 2015, a closed door meeting took place at the Tabah Foundation in Abu Dhabi during which Dr. John Andrew Morrow, a full professor and senior scholar of Islam, presented The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World to a group of high-ranking Muslim religious authorities from around the Muslim world.

While many analysts anticipated that the Covenants of the Prophet would be met with antagonism, the response to the presentation titled “The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World: From Authenticity to Applicability” was overwhelmingly positive.

Although questions concerning the authenticity of some of the documents arose, and some academic issues were addressed, the consensus of the scholars in attendance was that the Covenants of the Prophet were consistent with the teachings of Islam as understood by Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Tasawwuf.

“I do not need any evidence to support these documents,” said a Syrian mufti, “as they agree with the spirit of Islam.” “I have no doubt that the Covenants of the Prophet are authentic,” stated a scholar from Afghanistan, “There is not a thing that I heard that was not genuine.”

While some scholars saw the Covenants of the Prophet on the basis of their areas of specialization, Shaykh Habib ‘Ali al-Jifri saw the broader perspective stressing their implications and potential applications.

“This was just the first in what we hope will be a long list of meetings with Muslim scholars,” mentioned Morrow, “Alhamdulillah, we have started off on a positive note; erudite, diligent, yet humble and open-minded, the ‘ulama’ committed themselves to continue to the study the Covenants of the Prophet and to join me on this journey of rediscovery. Consequently, they are looking forward to the Arabic translation of the Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World so they can engage it intellectually and scholastically from the Islamic tradition.”

The results of this scholarly voyage, explains Morrow, which is rooted in dialogue and debate, will appear in a collaborative volume titled Critical Studies on the Covenants of the Prophet which will feature contributions from Muslim scholars from far and wide.

A PRINCE OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ENDORSES THE COVENANTS OF THE PROPHET

His Highness Sheikh Nahyan ibn Mubarak Nahyan, the Minister of Youth, Culture, and Community Development of the United Arab Emirates has officially endorsed the Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad.

As the Prince explained to Dr. John Andrew Morrow, the author of The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of World: “Your book deserves to be in every school and library in the West.”

Dr. Morrow, a Western academic and senior scholar of Islam, was in the United Arab Emirates on the invitation of the Tabah Foundation in order to share his research with Muslim scholars and intellectuals, as well as diplomats from both East and West.

Accompanied by Shaykh Habib ‘Ali al-Jifri, one of the most influential Muslim scholars in the world, Dr. John Andrew Morrow was introduced to His Highness during his weekly majlis or audience which is held in a circular gazebo-type structure on the grounds of his palace.

“I hope and pray that you will help disseminate the Covenants of the Prophet,” said Morrow, after he presented Sheikh Nahyan with a copy of a prophetic covenant as a gift. His Highness held his hand, looked him in the eye, nodded his head, and said: “Insha’ Allah” [God-willing].

The significance of the event was not lost on Morrow: “The United Arab Emirates has the distinct privilege of being the first Muslim nation to recognize the significance of the Covenants of the Prophet as a model of moderation.”

“The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, were regularly renewed by Muslim rulers over the course of nearly fourteen centuries,” added the Canadian academic, “we are now calling upon Muslim leaders, both political and religious, to follow in the footsteps of their predecessors.”

As Morrow explained, “Renewing the Covenants of the Prophet, and the protections they grant, will send a strong message to both Muslims and Christians: it will distinguish traditional Islam from radical political Islam, defend the image and integrity of the Messenger of Allah, and help improve interfaith relations.”

HABIB ‘ALI AL-JIFRI EXPRESSES SUPPORT FOR THE COVENANTS OF THE PROPHET

Shaykh Habib ‘Ali Zayn al-‘Abidin al-Jifri, the founder of the Tabah Foundation, a research institute based in Abu Dhabi, U.A.E., publicly endorsed the Covenants of the Prophet at various venues during the first two weeks of March.

The renowned scholar and spiritual guide with roots in the Hadhramaut region of Yemen met with Dr. John Andrew Morrow at the Reviving the Islamic Spirit Convention in Toronto in December of 2013 where he received a copy of The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World.

As Habib ‘Ali al-Jifri explained, “We had initially wanted to invite Dr. John in 2014; however, for a variety of reasons, it never came to be. With the rise of ISIS and the degradation of the situation in the reason, he could not have come at a better time.”

More than any other Muslim scholar, Habib ‘Ali al-Jifri perceived the potential of the Covenants of the Prophet as a rallying call for traditional, mainstream, Islam in opposition to Takfiri terrorists and secular liberal reformists.

Despite his busy schedule, Habib ‘Ali either introduced Morrow or provided concluding remarks to several of his speeches, lectures, and presentations, providing compelling arguments in favor of the Covenants of the Prophet and their relevance to Muslims today.

“The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, is saddened by all the crimes being committed in his name,” confided the Yemenite Shaykh to the Canadian professor after he delivered his public lecture on Tuesday, March 10; “today, by the will of God, we have made his happy.”

“ISLAM IS NOT THE PROBLEM,” PROCLAIMS CANADIAN SCHOLAR, “IT IS THE SOLUTION”

Dr. John Andrew Morrow, a Canadian scholar who converted to Islam over thirty years ago, has come to the defense of Islam at a time when many people, in East and West, seek to equate it with extremism and terrorism.

As Dr. Morrow, a Full Professor of Foreign Languages and senior scholar of Islam, explained during his public lecture at the Intercontinental Hotel in Abu Dhabi on March 10th of 2015, Islam is not the problem: its essence and original message is enough to allow Muslims to restore the true spirit of their faith.

Far from being persecuted, Morrow explained, minorities lived and flourished under Muslim rule. The Ottomans, among others, honored and respected their Christian communities by granting to them copies of the Covenants of the Prophet.

For Morrow, “Muslims have everything within their own religion to provide the solutions to the problems they face today.”

ARTICLES, INTERVIEWS ETC. FROM AROUND THE WORLD ABOUT THE COVENANTS AND RELATED ISSUES THAT APPEARED IN 2014 AND IN 2015 THROUGH MARCH (google them)

Malek, Caline. “Lecture in Abu Dhabi stresses awareness about true Islam.” The National (March 15, 2015).
Al-Arabiyyah. “Interview with Dr. John Andrew Morrow.” Al-Arabiyyah (Friday, March 13th, 2015).
Radan, Silvia. “Islam is not against other religions, says scholar.” Khaleej Times (March 12, 2015).
Morrow, John Andrew. “How has a religion of beauty been presented as ugly by ISIL?” The National (March 8, 2015).
Bremer, Jörg. “Imam beim Papst Mit „Schutzbriefe des Propheten“ gegen islamische Terroristen.” Frankfurter Allgemeine Politik (March 5, 2015).
Shakdam, Catherine. “Is There Room For Islam In Democracy, Freedom Of Speech, And Secularism?” Mint Press (March 3, 2015).
“Islamic official given Auburn man’s book.” KPC News (March 1, 2015).
Shakdam, Catherine. “Charles Upton to Shafaqna: A Journey towards Truth.” Shafaqna (Feb. 28, 2015).
Morrow, John Andrew. “L’historicité de l’alliance Mount Sinai.” Muslim Village (February 22, 2015).
Morrow, John Andrew. “La historicidad de la Alianza Monte Sinai.” Muslim Village (February 22, 2015).
“Is ISIL really ‘Sunni’? Not at all.” Global Truth (Feb. 25, 2015).
“Local professor’s book presented to major Muslim scholar.” News-Sentinel (Wednesday, February 25, 2015).
Morrow, John Andrew. “The Historicity of the Mount Sinai Covenant.” Muslim Village (Feb. 22, 2015).
Morrow, John Andrew. “The Historicity of the Mount Sinai Covenant.” Arab World News (Feb. 21, 2015).
“Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Granted a copy of the Covenants of the Prophet Mohammed (PBUH).” Shafaqna (Feb. 20, 2015).
“Jerusalem Grand Mufti Receives Covenants.” Last Prophet (Feb. 20, 2015).
Considine, Craig. “The 8 Most Important Interfait Monuments in the World.” Craig Considine (Feb. 2, 2015).
Dyer, Saimma. “The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World.” Rumi’s Circle (January 30, 2015).
Pallavicini, Yahya. “Chrétiens et musulmans participent à la civilisation des héritiers des prophètes .” Saphir News (29 janvier 2015).
“The Covenant of the Prophet Muhammad with the Monks of Mount Sinai:
Issues of Historicity, Authenticity and Reliability.” Lastprophet.info (January 28, 2015).
Dr. John Andrew Morrow to SHAFAQNA: An insight into Prophet Muhammad’s life (PBUH). Shafaqna (January 25, 2015).
“The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad.” Lastprophet.info (January 20, 2015).
“Da li je IDIŠ zaista ”sunitski’”. Bosnian Radio (2014).
“Benarkah ISIL Penganut Islam”Sunni” ? Sama Sekali Tidak Benar.” Digit Indonesia (Dec. 15, 2014)
Tang, Joy. “Pave the Way Foundation places spotlight on controversial covenants said to be by Prophet Muhammad .” Suroorasia (Dec. 4, 2014).
“Little Known Covenants of Prophet Muhammad Made Known through Pave The Way Foundation’s International Advertising Campaign.” PN Newswire (Dec. 3, 2014).
“The Covenant of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of Najran.” Medhajnews (November 18, 2014).
Kilbane, Kevin. “Local Professor, Covenants Initiative Hope to Bring Peace to Middle East.” Shafaqna (November 17, 2014).
Kilbane, Kevin. Local professor, Covenants Initiative hope to bring peace to Middle East. The News-Sentinel (Wednesday, November 12, 2014)
—.”Ivy Tech Professor Shares Words of Prophet.” Times Union (Wednesday, November 12, 2014).
—.”Ivy Tech Professor Shares Words of Prophet.” Chron (Wednesday, November 12, 2014).
—. “Ivy Tech Professor Shares Words of Prophet.” WLFI (Wednesday, November 12, 2014).
—. “Ivy Tech Professor Shares Words of Prophet. Elkart Truth (Wednesday, November 12, 2014).
—. “Ivy Tech Professor Shares Words of Prophet.” San Francisco Gate (Wednesday, November 12, 2014).
—. “Ivy Tech Professor Shares Words of Prophet.” My Informs (Wednesday, November 12, 2014).
—. “Ivy Tech Professor Shares Words of Prophet.” News Nom (Wednesday, November 12, 2014).
—. “Ivy Tech Professor Shares Words of Prophet.” The Republic (Wednesday, November 12, 2014).
—. “Ivy Tech Professor Shares Words of Prophet.” Giridon Digest (Wednesday, November 12, 2014).
—. “Ivy Tech Professor Shares Words of Prophet.” Network of News (Wednesday, November 12, 2014).
—. “Ivy Tech Professor Shares Words of Prophet.” Newstral (Wednesday, November 12, 2014).
—. “Ivy Tech Professor Shares Words of Prophet.” Professores (Wednesday, November 12, 2014).
—. “Ivy Tech Professor Shares Words of Prophet.” Crown of King Nothing (Wednesday, November 12, 2014).
Karim, Kaleef K. “Debunking the Myth that the Qur’an Endorses Violence.” Do Not Say Trinity (November 9, 2014).
“Gary Krupp: Jewish Founder of Pave the Way Foundation on Pope Pius XII. The Splendor of the Church (November 6, 2014).
“Pope Given Local Author’s Book.” Journal Gazette (October 18, 2014).
“Pope Francis Receives the Covenants of the Prophet.” Shafaqna (October 18, 2014).
“Auburn Man’s Book Presented to Pope.” KPC News (October 18, 2014).
“Dr. John Morrow vs. ISIS.” Truth Jihad Radio (October 17, 2014).
Aness. “Review: The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World by Dr. John Andrew Morrow.” Goodreads (October 14, 2014).
ISIL – Ισλαμικό Κράτος του Ιράκ και του Λεβάντε. Kordatos (September 2014).
Peters, Bosco. “Muslims and Christians.” Liturgy: Worship that Works / Spirituality that Connects (August 19, 2014).
Lighting Strikes Here. “An Open Letter to the ISIS from Prophet Muhammad.” Above Top Secret (August 12, 2014).
Akbar, Zahid Ali. “Why ISIS Should Not be Described as ‘Sunni’ by Press and Media.” Zaakbaruk (August 11, 2014)
Sultan, Sohaib N. “ISIS Is Ignoring Islam’s Teachings on Yazidis and Christians.” Time (August 8, 2014).
VIMUN: Vienna International Model United Nations. Preparation Paper/Study Guide: Security Council (SC): The Situation in Iraq and its Implications for International Security. (August 3-7, 2014).
Cleland, Bilal. “Book Review: The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World.” Australian Muslim Times (01 August 2014).
Morrow, John Andrew. “The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad: A Revolutionary Revelation.” Angelico Press Blog (July 28, 2014).
“The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World by Dr. John Andrew Morrow.” Green Light: The Non-Tech Side of Ivy Tech (July 25, 2014).
Barrett, Kevin Barrett. “Discussion with Dr. John Andrew Morrow on Ramadan, Laylat al-Qadr, International Quds Day, Gaza and ISIS.” Truth Jihad Radio Show. No Lies Radio. Friday, 25 July, 2014.
Morrow, John Andrew with Kevin Barrett, Veterans Today Editor. “ISIS Exposed at House of Lords.” 21 July, 2014. Veterans Today.
Castleton, Barbara. “John Andrew Morrow, The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World, Angelico Press – Sophia Perennis, ABD 2013. ISBN: 978-1-59731-465-7.” Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi XXIX / 1, 2014, 355-356
Konflikt im Irak ist kein Glaubenskrieg [Conflict in Iraq is not a Religious War]. Klaagmuur TV (June of 2014). in a story titled “Conflict in Iraq is not a Religious War.”

Amid all this activity and expansion, one thing keeps presenting itself to me: that we need to research the following two questions, and gather all the available information relating to them:

1} What are the origins of ISIL?

2} How are they presently being armed and funded?

Dr. Morrow has been posting many articles relating to these issues on his Facebook page. I urge all signatories of the Covenants Initiative to scour the internet for pertinent information and raise these questions to religious leaders, political leaders, and the media. Any links to relevant articles, videos etc. can be sent to me.

Sincerely,

Charles Upton

for Dr. John Andrew Morrow

and the Covenants Initiative

The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World Reviewed in Ilahiyat

SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ

İLAHİYAT FAKÜLTESİ

DERGİSİ

Review of the Faculty of Divinity

University of Süleyman Demirel

H a k e m l i D e r g I

(Refereed Journal)

Yıl (Year): 2014/2 Sayı (Number): 33

1.PEYGAMBER’İN BAZI HIRİSTİYAN TOPLULUKLARA VERDİĞİ KABUL EDİLEN AHİDNAMELERLE İLGİLİ İNGİLİZCE BİR KİTAP

İsmail Hakkı GÖKSOY*

* Prof. Dr., Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi İslam Tarihi Öğretim Üyesi.

Hz. Peygamber’in Hicaz bölgesi ve çevresinde yaşayan ehli kitaptan Yahudi ve Hıristiyan topluluklarla çeşitli temaslar kurduğu, onlarla bazı antlaşmalar yaptığı ve onlara emannameler verdiği bilinen gerçeklerdendir. Medine’deki Yahudi kabilelerle yapılan Medine Sözleşmesi, Necran Hıristiyanlarının temsilcileri ile Medine’de yapılan görüşme ve onlara verilen emanname, Tebük Seferi sırasında yarımadanın kuzeyindeki bazı Hıristiyan topluluklarla imzalanan cizye antlaşmaları bunlara örnek gösterilebilinir. Ancak, bunların dışında Hz. Peygamber’in Arap Yarımadası’nın çevresindeki diğer bazı Hıristiyan toplumlara da emannameler verdiği ve onlarla ahidnameler imzaladığı hususu pek fazla bilinmemektedir.

İşte bu konuların izini süren Amerikalı araştırmacı John Andrew Morrow, çalışmalarını The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World (Angelico Press – Sophia Perennis, ABD 2013, ISBN: 978-1-59731-465-7) adlı hacimli bir eserde kitaplaştırmıştır. Dört kısımdan (part) ve 17 bölümden (chapter) meydana gelen bu kitap, büyük boy ebatta olup, indeks ve ekler dahil olmak üzere toplam 463 (XXII+441) sayfadır. Kitabın takdimini (forward) yapan Charles Upton, yazar hakkında “inanç bağlamında Peygamber Muhammed’in yazılı belgelerini, Batı ilminin katı kurallarını kullanarak bizlere büyük bir hizmet yapmıştır” diyerek kitabı sunar. Takdimini “İbrahimi dinler arasında yeni bir ittifakın oluşmasına bir fırsat” olabileceği beklentisini vurgulayarak bitirir (s.XI-XIII). Kitap, sadece akademik çevrelere yönelik bir kitap olarak düşünülmüş değildir. Aynı zamanda eğitimli okuyucu kitlesi de dikkate alınarak hazırlanmıştır. Dolayısıyla, kitapta İngilizce’de Tanrı anlamına gelen “God” kelimesi yerine Müslümanların kullanmayı tercih ettikleri “Allah” kelimesi ve “Apostle” kelimesi yerine “Messenger” kelimesi kullanılmıştır. Bu açıdan kitap Müslümanların tasvip ettiği bir dil ve üslupta yazılmıştır denebilir.

Kitabın birinci kısmının birinci bölümü “The Prophet Muhammad and the People of the Book” başlığını taşımakta olup, toplam 64 sayfadır. Bu bölümde, esas itibariyle Hz. Peygamber’in ehl-i kitap ile ilgili ilişkileri ele alınmıştır. Hz. Peygamber’in Sina Dağı, Necran, Mezopatamya, İran, Filistin, Mısır ve Ermenistan’daki Hıristiyan toplumlara verdiği kabul edilen ahidnamelerin aynı zamanda üç İbrahimi dinin, yani Yahudilik, Hıristiyanlık ve İslamiyet arasında bir uyumun ve hoşgörü ortamının kurulmasına ilham kaynağı olarak hizmet etmesi beklenmektedir (s.1). Bu bölümde önce “The Prophet’s Early Life and Encounters with Christians” alt başlığı altında Hz. Peygamber’in doğumu, çocukluk ve gençlik yılları ele alınırken, gençlik yıllarında Hıristiyan papaz ve rahiplerle karşılaşması işlenmektedir. Özellikle amcası Ebu Talip ile birlikte Suriye taraflarına yaptığı kervan ticareti ve Busra’daki Rahip Bahira ile karşılaşması ve bunlarla ilgili rivayetlerin yanı sıra bu konulardaki Müslüman ve batılı ilim çevrelerinin konuyla ilgili değerlendirmelerinden alıntılar verilir. Hz. Peygamber’in Hz. Hatice ile evlenmeden önce onun kölesi Meysere ile birlikte Suriye’ye yaptığı kervan ticareti ve diğer şehirlere, özellikle Basra, Bahreyn, Yemen ve Sina Yarımadası’na yaptığı ticaret maksatlı seyahatlerine dikkat çekilir. Hz. Peygamber’in 15-25 yaş arasındaki gençlik dönemi ile evlendikten sonraki 25-40 yaşları arasındaki döneminin İslam kaynaklarında tam olarak zikredilmediğini, dolayısıyla bu dönemlerde onun Hicaz bölgesi dışında olabileceği ihtimali üzerinde durulur. Hatta onun Sina Dağı’ndaki rahiplerle görüşmüş ve bir süre burada kalmış olabileceği ihtimali iddia edilmiştir. Sina Dağı’ndaki Aziz Katarina Manastırı’nda Hz. Muhammed’in bir süre ikamet ettiği ve çobanlık yaptığına dair anlatımın, tamamen Sina Dağı rahiplerinin bir uydurması olamayacağı görüşünü ileri sürmüştür (s.12). Çeşitli yazarlar tarafından 16. Yüzyıl ve daha sonraki dönemlerdeki anlatımlara dayanarak verilen bu ve benzeri bilgilere göre, Hz. Muhammed Sina Dağı rahibini daha sonar vergiden muaf tutmuş ve ona bazı haklar tanıyan bir belgeyi (ahidnameyi) parmak iziyle mühürleyip vermiş ve bu belge manastırda uzun yıllar muhafaza edilmiştir. Osmanlı Sultanı I. Selim, 1517 yılında Mısır’ı Osmanlı toprağına kattığı zaman bu belgeyi 400 altına satın alıp İstanbul’a götürmüş ve Osmanlı Türkçesi’nde yazılmış bir kopyası da manastırda kalmıştır (s.9-12).

Yazar Kuran’da Sina Dağı’ndan bahseden Tin suresinin birinci ve ikinci ayetlerinde geçen “And olsun incire ve zeytine [Filistin’deki İncir Dağı’na ve Zeytin Dağı’na]; Ve Sina Dağı’na” ibarelerini aktararak; yine Duha Suresindeki “Rabbin seni bir yetim çocuk olarak bulmadı mı? Ve sana bir sığınak vermedi mi? O seni dolaşan biri olarak bulmadı mı? Ve sana doğru yolu göstermedi mi?” şeklindeki 6. ve 7. ayetlerini delil göstererek Hz. Muhammed’in evlenmeden önce gençliğinde Arabistan’ın bozkırlarında dolaştığını ve sonra Sina Dağı’ndaki manastırda yaşayan bir rahipler topluluğu tarafından korunmuş olabileceğini, yetiştirildikten sonra da Mekke’ye geri gönderilip orada Hz. Hatice ile evlendiğini ifade eder. Hz. Muhammed’in Sina Dağı hakkındaki bilgisini sadece vahiy kanalıyla değil, aynı zamanda kişisel tecrübe ile de elde ettiğini belirtir (s.14-15).

Akabinde Sina Dağı’nda Fatımiler döneminde inşa edildiği tahmin edilen bir caminin yapılışı ve bu cami ve külliyenin çeşitli dönemlerde geçirdiği safhalarla ilgili bilgiler aktarılır. Hz. Muhammed’in sözde ahidnamesinin de camide muhafaza edildiği bildirilir. Buradaki Aziz Katarina Manastırı’nın külliyesi içinde hem kilise hem de cami bulunması önemli bir hoşgörü örneğidir (s.20). Hz. Peygamberin 25 yaşında iken Sina Dağı’nda bulunduğuna ve peygamberlik verildikten sonra miraca yükselişi sırasında da (621 yılında) yine Kudüs’ten sonra Sina Dağı’na gittiğini ileri süren anlatımların olduğuna dikkat çekilir. Üç dinde, yani Yahudilik, Hıristiyanlık ve İslamiyet’te Sina Dağı önemini korumuş ve burayla ilgili halk arasında çeşitli rivayetlerin ortaya çıkması söz konusu olmuştur. Hatta Hz. Peygamber’in 613 yılında Yahudilerle Makna Anlaşması imzaladığı ve bu imza sırasında bu bölgeye de uğramış olabileceğine dair çeşitli iddialar ileri sürülmüştür (s.22). Hıristiyan kaynaklar Sina Dağı’ndaki manastırın 4. Yüzyılda yapıldığını söylerler. Memluklu ve Osmanlı dönemlerinde de buraya uğrayan Avrupalı Hıristiyan gözlemciler burası hakkında gözlemlerine dayalı anlatımlar aktarmışlar ve hac yolları üzerinde bulunmasından dolayı Müslüman hacı adayları tarafından da ziyaret edildiğini vurgulamışlardır (s.27). Devamında Hz. Peygamberin 610 yılında ilk vahyi alması üzerine eşi Hz. Hatice’nin Hanif inancına mensup amcasının oğlu Varaka b. Nevfel’e götürmesi ile ilgili anlatımlar verilir. Yazar, kısaca isra ve miraç olayını açıkladıktan sonra Hz. Muhammed’in önce Hz. İbrahim’in ülkesi Suriye’ye, ardından Hz. İsa’nın ülkesi Filistin’e ve sonra da Hz. Musa’nın ülkesi Sina Dağı’na gittiğini kaydeder. Aslında Hz. Peygamber’in peygamberlik öncesi dönemde katıldığı kervan ticareti vasıtasıyla bu yerleri gayet iyi bildiği bilinmekle birlikte, ticari seyahatlerinin etrafında oluşan sözlü anlatımların çoğu tarihi gerçeklikten ziyade iddialardan ibarettir.

Kitapta daha sonra “The Constitution of Madina (Medine Anayasası)” alt başlığı altında Hz. Peygamberin hicretten sonra Yesrib’de (Medine) yaşayan Yahudi kabileleri ile imzaladığı Medine Sözleşmesi’nden bahsedilir. Sözleşmede şehirdeki üç büyük kabile adının zikredilmemesine dikkat çeker ve sözleşmenin tarihi hakkındaki bazı değerlendirmeleri aktarır ve sözleşmenin İngilizce çevirisini verir (s.23-31). Sözleşmeyi antik Yunan demokrasi tecrübesi ve Roma Cumhuriyet dönemi gelenekleriyle mukayese edildiğinde bile ileri sayılabilecek bir demokratik tecrübe olduğunu, her toplumsal üyeye hukuk karşısında eşitlik tanındığını ve çoğulcu bir toplumsal yapı öngörüldüğünü belirtir. Hz. Peygamber’in vefatından sonra ehl-i kitabın Müslümanlar tarafından “küffar” olarak adlandırılmaya başlandığını, halbuki Hz. Peygamber döneminde onlar için “ehl-i zimmet” tabiri kullanıldığını ve hiç “kafirler” olarak bakılmadığını vurgular (s.33). Medine’de Hz. Peygamber tarafından yeni kurulan düzende siyasi tabiliğin kabileye veya akrabalık bağı oluşturan kan bağına değil tamamen kamusal sözleşmeye, yani hukuka bağlılığın esas olduğunu ve bu düzende gayrimüslimlere de temel haklar tanınarak ümmetin bir parçası yapıldığını ifade eder. Hz. Peygamber’in İbranice, Süryanice ve Arapça’da yazılmış 62 tane mektup gönderdiğini ve bunlardan 29 tanesinin metninin sonraki kaynaklar vasıtasıyla mevcut olduğunu vurgular. Buradan hareketle Hz. Peygamber’in Sina Dağı rahiplerine, Necran Hıristiyanlarına, Asuri Hıristiyanlara, İran Hıristiyanlarına ve Kudüs’teki Ermeni Hıristiyanlara da ahidnameler göndermiş olabileceği ihtimalini belirtir (s.34).

“The Judo-Christian Response to the Advent of Islam” alt başlığı altında da, Yahudi ve Hıristiyan kabilelerin kendi dinlerini ve geleneklerini serbestçe yaşayabildiklerine vurgu yaptıktan sonra, Hz. Peygamber döneminde Müslüman olan Yahudi ve Hıristiyan asıllı bazı sahabelerden bahsedilir. İlk olarak Medine’de bir Yahudi efendinin kölesi ve Hıristiyan inancında olan Selman-ı Farisî’nin Müslüman oluşu ve yine Yahudi asıllı Abdullah b. Sellam’ın, Taif Seferi sonrasında Hıristiyan köle Addas’ın ve bir grup Necranlı Hıristiyanın, Medineli Yahudilerden Muharrik’in İslamiyet’e giriş hikayelerinden örnekler verilir (s.35-39). Akabinde yer alan “The Jewish Opposition: The Case of Banu Kaynuqa, Banu Nadir and Banu Qurayza” alt başlığı altında ise, Medine’de bulunan üç büyük Yahudi kabilesinin Hz. Peygamber’e muhalefeti ele alınır. Bu kabilelerin onun davetine olumsuz bakmaları ve Hz. Peygamber ile yaptıkları sözleşmeyi bozmaları üzerine farklı zamanlarda şehirden sürülmeleri ve Hayber’in fethinden sonra da oradaki Yahudiler ile yapılan ortaklık anlaşmalarından bahsedilir (s.39-42). Daha sonra Hz. Peygamber’in müşriklere karşı yürüttüğü mücadeleye ve İslamiyet’i özellikle müşrik Arap kabileler arasında tebliğ etmesine değinen yazar (s.42-43), Hz. Peygamber’in iç ve dış politikası üzerinde durmaktadır. Hicaz’ın çevresinde ve Arap Yarımadası’ndaki kabile reislerine, Habeşistan Necaşisi’ne, Bizans İmparatoru Herakliyus’a, Mısır ve İskenderiyye Hükümdarı Mukavkıs’a, İran Kisrası Hüsrev’e, Gassani Emiri Münzir b. Haris’e, Bahreyn Emiri Münzir b. Sava’ya, Umman Emiri’ne gönderdiği mektuplar ve Akabe, Makna ve Ezruh’daki Hıristiyan ve Yahudi toplulukları ile yaptığı anlaşmalardan bahseder. Ayrıca, Hz. Peygamberin Necran Hıristiyanları ile Medine’de görüşmesini ve onlarla yaptığı anlaşma metni ile Yemen’deki Himyeri reisine gönderdiği mektupların içeriğini ve metinlerini verir (s.45-55). Hz. Peygamberin “emperyalist” bir idareci olmadığını kaydeden yazar, onun komşu devletleri siyasi hakimiyeti altına almak gibi bir düşüncesinin olmadığını vurgular. Onun esas görevi ve hedefinin İslam dinini yaymak olduğuna vurgu yapan yazar, Hz. Muhammed’in çevredeki birçok krallık ve kabile yönetimlerini İslam’a kazanarak Arap Yarımadası’nda “Birleşik İslam Devletleri” gibi bir siyasi yapıyı veya “İslam birliği” oluşturmayı hedeflediğini belirtir (s.58). Müslüman idarelerin tarih boyunca yönetimleri altında bulunan gayrimüslimlere her zaman gerekli korumayı sağladıklarını ve onlara karşı hoşgörülü olduklarını, hatta aynı korumayı ve hoşgörüyü İslam içinde mevcut olan bazı mezhep ve dini gruplara bile göstermediklerini vurgular (s.62).

Kitabın 35 sayfa tutarındaki ikinci bölümü (s.63-98) “The Prophet Muhammad and the Monks of Mount Sinai” başlığını taşımakta olup, Hz. Peygamber’in Sina Dağı rahiplerine verdiği belirtilen ahidnamenin otantik, yani sahih olup olmadığı tartışmasıyla başlamaktadır. Hicretin ikinci senesine tarihlenen bu ahidname, Yavuz Sultan Selim’in 1517 yılında Mısır’ı fethinden sonra orijinalini İstanbul’a götürdüğü, bir kopyasının ise Sina’daki manastırda kaldığı ifade edilir. Ancak, Arapça ve Osmanlı Türkçesi’ndeki en eski nüshaları 1683 tarihine dayanmaktadır. Bu nüshalar ile 1737 tarihli başka bir Arapça nüshası da günümüze kadar ulaşmıştır (s.65). Bu ahidnamenin kendisi miladi 7 Temmuz 623 tarihinde Hz. Peygamber tarafından Medine’de Mescid-i Nebevi’de dikte ettirildiği ve bizzat Ali b. Ebi Talip tarafından yazıldığı ileri sürülür (s.76). Yazar, çoğu muhafazakar İslam aliminin bu ahidnameyi sahih kabul ettiklerini, fakat bazılarının ve özellikle Selefi çizgide yer alanların bu ahidnamenin bugün mevcut hadis koleksiyonlarında bir referansının olmadığını ve sened zincirinin bulunmadığını ileri sürerek uydurma olduğunu ileri sürdüklerinin kaydeder (s.76-77). Ayrıca, ahidname belgesinin tarihlendirilmesi, yazımı, yazıldığı yer ve şahitleri ile Hz. Peygamber’in Sina Dağı’na gidip gitmediği hususundaki Müslüman ve Hıristiyan araştırmacı ve yazarların görüş ve değerlendirmelerini aktarır. “Commentary on the Contest of the Covenant” adındaki alt başlıkta da söz konusu bu ahidnamenin muhtevası üzerinde durulur (s.89-98). Yazar, bazılarının aksine Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberlik öncesi dönemde bir tacir olarak Arabistan Yarımadası ve çevresine yaptığı seyahatleri, Busra ve Necran gibi bazı yerlerdeki Hıristiyan rahipler ve toplumlarla teması dikkate alındığında, ve ayrıca Sina Dağı’ndaki Hıristiyan toplumun ve onların liderlerinin ve hatta sonraki dönemlerde Müslüman yöneticilerin ve alimlerin böyle bir ahidnamenin gerçekliğini kabul etmelerini önemli deliller olarak göstererek bu ahidnamenin gerçek olabileceğini savunur (s.98). Ancak ahidnamenin üslubu ve muhtevası Hz. Peygamberin başka Hıristiyan topluluklarla yaptığı antlaşmaların içeriği ile aynı doğrultuda olmakla birlikte klasik siyer ve İslam tarihi kaynaklarında Hz. Peygamberin gençliğinde ve peygamberlik döneminde Sina Dağı’na geldiğine dair veya oradan gelen Sina heyetine Medine’de bir emanname verdiğine dair herhangi bir kayıt bulunmamaktadır. Onun gençliğinde Sina Dağı’ndaki manastıra uğradığına ve bulunduğuna dair bilgiler tamamen buradaki Hıristiyan toplumun sözlü nakillerine dayanmaktadır.

Üçüncü bölüm “The Prophet Muhammad and the Christians of Persia” başlığı altında da Hz. Peygamberin İran Hıristiyanlarıyla, yani İran’da yaşayan Ermeni Hıristiyanlarla yaptığı kabul edilen ahidnameyi ele almaktadır. İran’ın İsfahan şehrindeki Yeni Culfa Ermeni Patrikliğinin elinde olduğu söylenen ahidnamenin 17. Yüzyıldan kalma sadece Farsça bir nüshası bulunmaktadır. Önce ahidnamenin sahihliği meselesi üzerinde durulduktan sonra ahidnamenin Hz. Peygamber’e kadar atfedilmesi üzerindeki tartışmalar ile muhtevası özetlenmiştir. Hicri dördüncü yıla (miladi 626) tarihlenen bu ahidnamenin içeriğine ve üslubuna bakıldığı zaman, İran Şii ortamında yazıldığı, fakat genel olarak ahidname geleneği çerçevesinde olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. 13. Yüzyılda bazı Ermeni raporlarında, Hz. Peygamber’in Ermenilere ahidname verdiğini söyleyen bilgilere rastlanmaktadır ve dolayısıyla bu ahidnamenin de içeriği kısmen bu tür anlatımlara dayanmaktadır. Ayrıca, İran Şahı Abbas’ın 17. Yüzyılda Ermeni Hıristiyanlara verdiği bir ahidname niteliği taşıdığını da gözden uzak tutmamak gerekir (s.99-108).

Dördüncü bölüm “The Prophet Muhammad and the Christians of Najran” başlığı altında Hz. Peygamberin Necran Hıristiyanları ile olan ilişkilerine tahsis edilmiştir. Ahidnamenin sahihliği, hicri dokuzuncu yılda (miladi 631) Necran Hıristiyanları ile yapılan anlaşmanın metni, ahidnamenin içeriği üzerine çeşitli yorumları ve değerlendirmeleri ele almaktadır (s.109-138). Muhtevası üzerinde bazı anlatım farklılıkları olmakla birlikte, Hz. Peygamber’in Necran Hıristiyanlarının temsilcileri ile Medine’de görüşmesi ve onlarla mübahele yapması Kuran’da (Ali İmran, 61) yer almasının yanı sıra ayrıca Hz. Peygamber’in onlara verdiği emanname ve gönderdiği mektuplar, klasik İslam tarihi kaynaklarında açıkça kaydedilmiştir. (Konuyla ilgili bkz., Muhammed Hamidullah, Vesâikü’s-siyasiyye: Hz. Peygamber Döneminin Siyasi ve İdari Belgeleri, Çev: Vecdi Akyüz, Kitapevi Yayınları, İstanbul 1997, s.193-209)

Beşinci bölüm ise, “The Prophet Muhammed and the Christians of the World” başlığını taşımaktadır. G. Sionita’nın Arapça’daki el-Ahd ve’ş-Şurût adlı eserinde bulunan belge ilk İslami kaynaklarda bulunmaz ve sadece 17. Yüzyıl başlarında Osmanlı ülkesinde ve Avrupa’da yeni yazılan nüshalarına ve tercümelerine rastlanmaktadır. Tüm Hıristiyanlara hitap ettiği için yazar tarafından “Christians of the World (Dünya Hıristiyanları)” ahidnamesi olarak adlandırılmıştır. Aslında bu Arapça ahidname Osmanlı ülkesindeki tüm Hıristiyanların korunmasını sağlamak maksadıyla hazırlanmış bir belge niteliği taşımaktadır. Ayrıca bu ahidname ile ilgili olarak sonraki yüzyıllarda yapılan bazı çalışmalar ve değerlendirmeler aktarılır, akabinde de ahidnamenin muhtevası üzerine yorum yapılır. 1538 tarihli ahidname ile 1650 tarihli ahidname metni arasında kelime ve ifade değişiklikleri gibi bazı ufak farklılıklara da dikkat çekilir. Mesela, ilkinin yazarı Ali b. Ebi Talip iken, ikincisininki Muaviye b. Ebu Süfyan olarak verilmiştir (s.139-176). Benzeri hakları ve sorumlulukları ihtiva eden bu ahidname de, cümle yapısı, kullanılan kelimeler, üslup ve muhteva bakımından diğerlerine benzemesine rağmen, ilk dönem İslam tarihi kaynaklarındaki bilgilerle örtüşmezler. Hicri dördüncü (miladi 630) yıla tarihlenen ahidnamenin şahitlerinin bir kısmının ve hatta yazarının Mekke’nin fethinden (630) önce henüz Müslüman olmadığını bildiğimiz Muaviye b. Ebu Sufyan’ın olması, ahidnamenin gerçekliğine gölge düşürmektedir.

Altıncı bölüm “The Prophet Muhammad and Assyrian Christians” başlığını taşıyan ve Yukarı Mezopotamya bölgesinde yaşayan Asuri Hıristiyanlar ile ilgilidir. Osmanlı Sultanı I. Selim dönemine kadar söz konusu ahidnamenin aslının kiliselerinde korunduğu ifade edilmekle birlikte, sadece 1910 tarihli Farsça bir nüshası günümüze kadar ulaşmıştır. Dolayısıyla bu bölümde de önce söz konusu ahidnamenin sahihliği ile ilgili tartışmalar ele alındıktan sonra muhtevası üzerine değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Bu ahidname de Sina Dağı’ndaki Aziz Katarina Manastırı’na verildiği belirtilen ahidnamenin içeriği ile büyük bir benzerlik arz eder. Ahidnamenin yazarı Muaviye b. Ebu Sufyan, yeri ve tarihi de sırasıyla Medine ve hicri dördüncü yıl olarak belirtilir (s.177-190).

Yedinci bölüm “The Prophet Muhammad and the Armenian Christians of Jerusalem” adıyla Hz. Peygamberin Kudüs’teki Ermeni Hıristiyanlara verdiği kabul edilen ahidname ile ilgilidir. Kudüs’teki Ermeni Patrikliğine bağlı Aziz James Kütüphanesi’nde muhafaza edilen ahidnamenin ipek bir kumaş üzerine yapıştırılmış bir kağıt tomarının içinde bulunmaktadır. Yazar ahidnamenin tarihini tam olarak belirtmemesine rağmen, Ermeni din adamlarının ahidnamenin bizzat Ermeni Patriği I. Abraham’ın (patrikliği 638-669) 626 yılında Medine’ye giderek Hz. Peygamber’den aldığını ileri sürmektedirler. Ancak, siyer ve hadis gibi klasik İslam kaynaklarında bunun bir referansının bulunmaması, ahidnamenin sahihliğini tartışmalı kılmaktadır. Bu ahidnamenin ardından Hz. Ömer’in ve Hz. Ali’nin Kudüs’teki Ermeni Hıristiyan toplumuna verdikleri belirtilen fermanların İngilizce metinleri ve değerlendirmeleri ile Eyyubi Sultanı Selahaddin’in verdiği ahidnamenin muhtevasının bir değerlendirmesi takip etmektedir (s.191-202).

Kitabın ikinci kısmı (part two) ise, söz konusu edilen mevcut ahidnamelerin çeşitli dillerdeki metinlerine (texts) tahsis edilmiştir. Bu kısımda önce, sekizinci bölümde Hz. Peygamberin Sina Dağı rahipleri ile yaptığı söylenen ahidnamenin çeşitli dönemlerdeki Arapça ve 1638 tarihli Osmanlıca metinleri ve bunların İngilizce çevirileri verilmektedir (s.205-222). Dokuzuncu bölümde İran Hıristiyanları (s.223-226), onuncu bölüm dünya Hıristiyanları ile ilgili Arapça metinleri ve İngilizce çevirileri yer almaktadır (s.227-253). Ardından 1538 ve 1630 tarihli dünya Hıristiyanları ile yapıldığı söylenen ahidnamenin Arapça metinleri bulunmaktadır (s.255-291). Onbirinci bölümde ise, Necran Hıristiyanları ile ilgili ahidnamenin Arapça ve yazar tarafından yeniden yapılan İngilizce çevirisi vardır (s.293-311). Onikinci bölümde Asuri Hıristiyanları ile yapılan 1910 tarihli ahidnamenin Farsça metni ve İngilizce çevirisi yer almaktadır (s.313-320).

Onüçüncü bölümde “Examining the Authorities” başlığı altında ahidnamelerde şahitler olarak isimleri geçen sahabe adları ve onların kimlikleri ele alınmıştır. Genellikle şahid olarak ismi geçenler Hz. Ebu Bekir, Hz. Ömer, Hz. Osman ve Hz. Ali, Selman-ı Farisi, Ebu Zer Gıfarî ve Ebu Hureyre gibi tanınmış sahabeler olmakla birlikte hicri dördüncü yılda yazıldığı belirtilen birkaç ahidnamede de henüz Müslüman olmayan Muaviye b. Ebu Sufyan’ın adı geçmektedir. Ayrıca, tanınmış sahabeler arasında yer almayan veya isimleri yanlış olarak yazılan bazı şahitler de bulunmaktadır. Hadislerde uygulanan senet zinciri ahidnamelerde yoktur. Söz konusu ahidnamelerin orijinal nüshalarının klasik Arapça’da yazılmış oldukları kabul edilse bile, çeşitli zamanlardaki aktarım ve yazım aşamalarında yazıcılar tarafından uygun görülmeyen kelimelerin veya şahitliklerin değiştirildiği anlaşılmaktadır (s.323-330).

Ondördüncü bölüm “Tracking the Transmissions” başlığını taşımakta olup, bir buçuk sayfa uzunluğundadır. Kısaca bu bölümde yazar ahidnamelerdeki sözlü aktarımın izini sürmeye çalışmaktadır. Metinlerin tek bir ahidnamenin farklı versiyonları mı yoksa her birisinin özgün olarak ve farklı yollarla mı geldiği konusunu tartışmaktadır. Yazar burada tek bir kopyadan, yani Necran Hıristiyanlarına verilen ve tarihi gerçekliği kabul edilen ahidnameden üretilmesinden ziyade her bir ahidnamenin farklı ve eşsiz olarak geldiği görüşünü tercih etmektedir (s.331-332).

Onbeşinci bölüm ise “The Covenants in Context” başlığını taşımaktadır. Bu bölüm esas itibariyle Hz. Peygamber döneminden itibaren çeşitli İslami devirlerde, yani Raşid Halifeler ve sonraki İslam hanedanlıklarında Müslüman idarecilerin yönetimleri altındaki gayrimüslim topluluklara karşı tavırları ve hoşgörülü uygulamaları örneklerle ele alınmaktadır. Hz. Ömer’in Kudüs başta olmak üzere çeşitli yerlerdeki gayrimüslim topluluklara verdiği ahidnamelerden örnekler verilir. Bu bölümde özellikle Endülüs’teki Müslüman idareciler dönemindeki hoşgörülü politika ile sonrasındaki Katolik Hıristiyanların Müslümanlara karşı izlediği baskıcı ve korkunç politikalar ile Müslümanlara uygulanan asimilasyon ve işkence uygulamaları, Osmanlı döneminde gayrimüslim topluluklara karşı uygulanan hoşgörülü uygulamalara dikkat çekilmektedir. Yazar Müslüman–Hıristiyan ilişkileri açısından İslam beldelerindeki Müslüman yönetimler altında yaşayan gayrimüslim toplulukların durumlarını ve bunun tarihsel sürecini somut örneklerle güzel ve doğru bir yaklaşımla mukayeseli olarak açıklamıştır (s.333-351).

Onaltıncı bölüm “General Conclusions” başlığı altında Yahudiler, Hıristiyanlar ve Müslümanların günümüzde kendi kutsal kitaplarındaki hoşgörü ve birlikte yaşama geleneklerinden uzaklaştıklarını ve geçmişteki hoşgörülü tecrübenin tekrar gün yüzüne çıkartılmasının zamanı geldiğini vurgular. Ahidnamelerin sahihliği meselesinin her zaman tartışmaya açık olduğunu, ancak muhteva analizi yapıldığında Hz. Peygamber’in uygulamaları ve İslamiyet’in gerçek öğretileri ile tam bir uyum içinde bulunduğunu belirtir. Şahitler listesine gelince, bazıları belirtilen tarihlerde henüz Müslüman olmamış iken, diğer bazıları hali hazırda vefat etmiş sahabelerdendir. Hatta bazılarının isimlerine biyografi kitaplarında sahabe olarak rastlanmamaktadır. Yazım ve üslup bakımından yetersiz olduğu ileri sürülse de, bunların söz konusu belgelerin yeniden yazımdan kaynaklandığını kabul etmektedir. Ancak, burada hemen şunu belirtmek gerekir ki, Hz. Peygamber tarafından verildiği söylenen ahidnameler, üslup ve yazım bakımından sonraki dönemlerdeki yazım geleneklerine daha fazla benzemektedir. Bununla birlikte ahidnamelerin muhtevaları genel itibariyle bilinen geleneklere aykırı olmayan hakları ve sorumlulukları ihtiva eden, Kuran’ın ilke ve prensiplerine uygun, Hz. Peygamberin, Raşid halifelerin ve sonraki Müslüman idarecilerin uygulamalarıyla örtüşmektedir. Hz. Peygamberin Necran Hıristiyanları ile Medine’de yaptığı antlaşmayla ilgili bilgiler ilk İslam kaynaklarında bulunmasına rağmen, diğerleriyle ilgili anlatımlar yer almamaktadırlar. Dolayısıyla, diğer ahidnameler tamamen Hıristiyan toplulukların kendi kiliseleri ve arşivleri kanalıyla sonraki dönemlere ulaşmışlardır. Yazar, kitabının bu bölümünü Ebu Davud’ın Süneninde geçen Hz. Peygamber’in gayrimüslimlere hiçbir surette zulüm yapmamayı öngören bir hadisi ile tamamlar: “Kim gayrimüslim tebaaya zulmederse, kıyamet gününde karşısında beni bulur.” (s.353-363).

Onyedinci bölümde “Suggestions for Future Scholarship” başlığı altında yazar bu çalışmayı bir “başlangıç” ve bir “deneme” (essay) olarak değerlendirmektedir (s.365). Yazar, Hz. Peygamberin çeşitli bölgelerdeki Hıristiyan toplumlarla yaptığı ahidnamelerin gerçek olduğuna inanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte o, belgelerin bazı problemler içerdiğini de kabul eder. Özellikle şahitliklerle ilgili birçok problemin olduğuna inanır. Mesela, Sina Dağı ahidname nüshalarının bazılarında 16, bazılarında ise 22 şahit bulunmaktadır. Sayı aynı olanlarda bile şahitlerin isimleri farklıdır. Yazar bu konuda birçok müphem durumun olduğunu ve daha ileri seviye araştırmaların yapılması gerektiğini vurgular (s.365-373). Ayrıca, yazar çeşitli bölümlerde yaptığı güncel değerlendirmelerde özellikle Selefi, Vehhabi ve Tekfur gruplarının İslam din anlayışlarını Hz. Peygamberin Hıristiyanlara gösterdiği saygıdan oldukça uzak olduklarını vurgular. Bu grupların varlığını İslam dünyasında, özellikle Suriye, Mısır ve Lübnan gibi Arap ülkelerinde yaşayan Hıristiyan topluluklar için büyük bir tehlike ve fanatizmin kaynağı olarak görmektedir (Mesela, bkz. s.201).

Çalışmanın dördüncü kısmı (Part IV) ise, söz konusu ahidnamelerde adı geçen şahitlerin isim listeleri ve bunların durumları, Sina Dağı’ndaki Aziz Katarina Manastırı ile Busra şehrindeki Rahip Bahira Manastırı’nın çeşitli zamanlarda çekilmiş fotoğrafları, Hz. Peygamberin komşu hükümdar ve kabile reislerine gönderdiği davet mektuplarının mevcut fotokopileri gibi çeşitli ekleri ihtiva etmektedir (s.377-411). İndeks ve bibliyografya bölümleri ile çalışma son bulmaktadır.

Sonuç olarak araştırmacı J. A. Morrow tarafından kaleme alınan kitap, Hz. Peygamber’in Arap Yarımadası çevresindeki çeşitli Hıristiyan topluluklara verdiği kabul edilen ahidnamelerle ilgili derli toplu, konuyla ilgili geçmiş tartışmaları da ihtiva eden ve muhtevalı bir çalışma niteliğindedir. Hz. Peygamber’in ve sonraki Müslüman yönetimlerin İslam beldelerinde yaşayan Hıristiyan toplumlarına karşı tutumlarının ve izledikleri politikaların Batı kamuoyunda doğru bir şekilde bilinmesine ve anlaşılmasına katkı yapacağı açıktır. Hıristiyan-Müslüman diyalogu bağlamında uzun bir süreç sonunda hazırlanan ve büyük bir emek mahsulü olan eser, bu açıdan kayda değer bir çalışmadır.

The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World Reviewed in AJISS

The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World

John Andrew Morrow

Tacoma, WA: Angelico Press and Sophia Perennis, 2013. 442 pages.

AJISS 32.2 (2015): 117-119

With painstaking effort and much dedication invested in this groundbreaking work, John Andrew Morrow will surely manage to attract the attention of Islamic studies students and specialists. Not only is the topic novel, but surely the approach and method are new as well. Indeed, The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World is a genuine call for reconsidering the relationship among the three revealed Abrahamic faiths, which is often viewed by some quarters with vested interests through the foggy lenses of suspicion and animosity, if not of utter aggressive hostility, especially these days. The author’s arguments stem from various perspectives ranging from Islamic jurisprudence to political science, economics, sociology, ethics, and leadership studies. He defends the covenants written to various groups of Christians, be they living inside the Arabian Peninsula (e.g., Najran), the monks of the Sinai Peninsula, Persia, or the world at large, as being genuine documents emanating from Prophet Muhammad himself, who assumed the responsibility of protecting these groups and pledged that his followers would do so until the last day: “This must not be violated or altered until the hour [of the Resurrection] and the end of the world” (p. 236).

Despite the volume’s relative length, its main substance is to be found in Part I, which contextualizes the genesis of these covenants. Its seven chapters (pp.1-202) deal with the Messenger’s early life: his travels, marriage, and relations with the Jews of Madinah, who disappointed him by choosing to rally the Qurayshi idolaters against him. Focal light is shed on his contacts with Christians before and after the revelation, as well as on the covenants as a pledge of protection and coexistence. In chapters 2-7, the author deals systematically with the issue of the covenants’ texts and authenticity by striving to refute the arguments made by skeptics. Part II (chapters 8-12) presents the texts with their various versions (both in their Arabic original, whenever available) or as they evolved through time in translation. Part III, a brief section that deals with the challenges specified by the author in terms of authority issues, the question of transmissions, the contextualization of the covenants, ends by suggesting topics for future research. Part IV includes a set of appendices that cover “Witnesses to the Covenants,” “Possible Modes of Transmission,” and a useful set of illustrations.

Despite being a Muslim, of which he makes no secret, Morrow insists on following a meticulously sustained stand of an academic investigator, one who presents both the pros and cons of the case as well as the Islamic and non-Islamic views. Considerable space is allotted especially to western views, such as those emanating from such skeptical authors of the likes of Patricia Crone and Michael Cook (1977), Leon Arpee (1946), and others (pp. 31, 102-103, respectively, inter alia). He airs various aspects of this argument in question before providing his own view on the subject. A substantial part of the volume is devoted to defending the authenticity as well as the genuine existence of the Prophet’s covenants, despite what might have occurred to their texts in terms of additions or deletions during the course of their long existence. Never tiring of producing evidence to refute rebuttals and counterarguments, including those coming from systematic negators, Morrow presents here an admirable case of a persuasive arguer.

Perhaps for the sake of exhaustiveness regarding the case he proposes to make, a great deal of space is allocated to the Shi‘a perspective – beside the Sunni one – in his attempt to elucidate aspects of the covenants (see the author’s frequent reference to Muhammad Baqir Majlisi [2010], Reza Shah-Kazemi [2005], and Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai [1977], among others. This opens a window on a scholarship that may sound esoteric to some or even “unorthodox” to others. However, despite what may be said about this specific matter, the volume, in my modest opinion, has only gained in richness, depth, and breadth by this approach. If anything, the volume is an extended hand toward all monotheists to find a common ground of understanding, to look for what unites them rather than for what creates discord among them. It is a call for a more peaceful and harmonious coexistence among believers, and certainly a call for non-Muslims (and some Muslim zealots and bigots, for that matter) to reconsider their stereotyped, narrow-minded, and parochial views of Islam.

And if only for this reason, the work is timely, relevant, and much needed, especially these days, in a world that is being shaken by the horrendous acts of some self-proclaimed owners of “religious truth.” Suffice it to remind such people of the Qur’an’s clear message: “Had your Lord pleased, all the people of the earth would have believed in Him, one and all. Would you then force people to have faith?” (10: 99).

This is indeed the essence of the message that permeates this book, which presents Islam as a religion of peace, universal humane moral values, and accepting others in their diversity and difference. After all, one may wonder philosophy- wise, what might be the purpose of a religion if it fails to unite the disunited and put together in harmony what is plural, divergent, and even conflictual? This is certainly the message that the author wishes to transmit. If his call reaches the minds before the hearts of the targeted readership (if only a section of it) and makes them rethink their positions, then it will have achieved its expected goal.

Amar Sellam

Mohammed the First University, Oujda, Morocco

The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World Reviewed in JSIS

Journal of Shi‘a Islamic Studies Winter 2015 ∙ Vol. VIII ∙ No. 1

Book Notes

The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World

by John Andrew Morrow, 2013. Tacoma, Washington: Angelico Press & Sophia Perennis, xx + 442 pp., $21.95. isbn: 978-1-59731-465-7.

If I should choose an adjective to define this book, it would be ‘precious’. There are many reasons to support such a statement: academically, it brings together for the first time six Covenants concluded by the Prophet Muhammad with distinct Christian communities, all of which were translated directly from the original Arabic; historically, it throws light on the early relationship between Muslims and the People of the Book and, religiously, it invites people to rediscover the respect and tolerance that each monotheistic faith owes to the others.

The extraordinary work of the author – who retraced, perused, and compared numerous documents to try to recompose the history of each Covenant drawing on Sunni, Shia, and Christian sources – is commendable. Since some of these treaties were never published before and others were known only to very restricted circles of scholars, this book represents a unique chance to get acquainted with the letter of the message of the Prophet Muhammad with regard to Christians.

Many early edicts, letters, and covenants issued by the Prophet provided protection to the People of the Book, and they agree with the Constitution of Medina that declares that all are equal before God. The provisions they contain are directed not only to the native Muslim ummah, but to the entire Christian Nation.

Reading the Covenants, one notices that some main principles were always confirmed, for instance: it is not permitted to remove a Christian from his Christianity, a bishop from his bishopric, or a monk from his monastic life; nor is it permitted to destroy their churches or their businesses or to take their buildings to construct mosques or houses for believing Muslims; the capitation (jizyah) will be applied to those Christians who are not clerics; if a Muslim takes a Christian wife, he must respect her Christian beliefs and will give her freedom to follow her own religion. The standards set by these treaties appear not only advanced for the time of the Prophet, they remain advanced in our own age.

Unfortunately, the pact of harmony and understanding which once existed between Christians and Muslims seems to be disregarded today. In order to follow the spirit and letter of the Covenant of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World, the Covenants Initiative has been launched, asking Muslims to adhere to such an initiative by signing a declaration aiming at reviving the original relationship between believers in the One God.

A n n a Ma r i a Ma r t e l l i

Italian Institute for Africa and the Orient, Rome, Italy

Does The Islam Have To Carry The Weight of ISIS’s Guilt?

Does The Islam Have To Carry The Weight of ISIS’s Guilt?

By Vandita

April 21, 2015

The entire world’s 1.6 billion Muslims have been forced to carry the weight of ISIS’ guilt. An entire faith is being held responsible for the atrocities committed by a terrorist group that comprises less than 1 percent of the religious population. The world seems threatened by Islam, which is [allegedly] ‘inherently opposed to the Western core values of democracy, freedom of expression, and secularism’. But is the phobia valid?

Dr. John Andrew Morrow, a Canadian scholar and director of the Covenants Foundation, explained how such a premise is not only false but profoundly biased and xenophobic. True Islam is not a threat to humanity; on the contrary, it represents its very salvation. Islam is not opposed to democracy, secularism, and freedom of speech in the true sense of these terms. Islam has historically supported both direct and indirect modes of political participation,” Morrow told MintPress.

“If Islam is portrayed as a mortal enemy to Western civilization and values it is because it poses a formidable obstacle to imperialistic hegemonic interests. Democracy, freedom of expression, and secularism are merely masks worn by the one-percenters (1%), the global elite that seeks to enslave all of humanity as it simultaneously destroys the planet in its greed for resources, wealth, and absolute power. Having succeeded in destroying, subjugating, and co-opting all remnants of resistance, only Islam stands in their path. This explains why the globalists are engaged in a concerted campaign to use false ‘Islam’ to destroy true Islam,” he added.

But then why has terrorism become synonymous with Islam? Is Islam at war with the world or the world is at war with Islam?

Thousands of Muslims have perished at the hands of ISIS militants in both Iraq and Syria, while tens of thousands have been forced to flee their homes and communities to escape the violence of this black flag army.

“Muslims more than any other community have a stake in this war against terror, as terror is directed at them. Do we blame cancer on healthy cells? No, of course not, because that would be illogical. By labelling an entire segment of the world population are we not following the same irrational logic as those radicals? Islam is not the problem, radicals are. Islam teachings are not the problem, radicals’ interpretation of religious texts is,” Prince Abdul Ali Seraj of Afghanistan told MintPress.

When President George Bush declared war on Islamic radicalism in 2001, the Western world painted Islam as antithetical to democracy and secularism. Post 9/11, Muslims as a religious group and Islam as a faith were branded anti-Western; this belief was reinforced post the Charlie Hebdo shooting. 9/11 came as an attack on democracy, the attack on Charlie Hebdo editors was understood as a declaration of war on the freedom of expression.

The KKK and Hitler used Christianity while ISIS uses Islam. Though the KKK rose to dizzying heights with millions of members, much more than ISIS and al-Qaida combined, Americans were never forced to take ownership or even responsibility for the actions of a minority within their faith.

Why doesn’t anyone realise that the elite in America and the broader Western world may have created a Muslim boogeyman to reduce the world to their own predetermined sets of values?

Today, the Western world is filled with half truths, blurred facts and a wrong interpretation of Islam One which is barely politically correct, yet still objectively false.

A Must Read: “Six Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of His Time: The Primary Documents”

Six Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of His Time: The Primary Documents

John Andrew Morrow​’s book The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World is truly one of my favorite books ever. It has inspired me in ways that I never thought that a book could. It’s one of those reads.

Six Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of His Time: The Primary Documents is also a must read for anyone that is studying Islam and the life of Prophet Muhammad. Here’s a description:

It is a blessing, a warning, and a sign that these Six Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of His Time have resurfaced at this particular moment in history. Renewed by caliphs and sultans, supported by scores of fatwas, and accepted as law for nearly 1400 years, these documents were common knowledge to educated Muslims and Christians until the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, after which they virtually disappeared from collective consciousness. Their rediscovery will certainly open a new field in both Islamic Studies and interfaith relations. As the written words of the Prophet Muhammad himself, peace and blessings be upon him, and a central part of the Sunnah, they should sit side by side with the Qur’an in both mosque and home. If Muslims are ever to recover the reality of Islam and undergo a collective awakening, these covenants of hope will play a major part in that restoration. Those wishing to familiarize themselves with Dr. Morrow’s exhaustive arguments supporting the authenticity of these Covenants should refer to The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World (Angelico, 2013).

Dr. Morrow has done unprecedented research on the message of peace that Prophet Muhammad left for Muslims as well as non-Muslims. Morrow’s research will surely be recognized by the best scholars for many years to come.

May God bless and protect John on his journey of sharing this knowledge with the world.